early settlement (c. 8th-15th c.)
a small group arrived in sanjan, gujarat, creating a genetic founder effect. y-dna shows west eurasian origin while mt-dna indicates significant early admixture with local indian females. they adopted gujarati and worked in agriculture under local hindu patronage.

dispersal period (c. 15th-18th c.)
the sack of sanjan scattered the population to towns like surat. strict endogamy was instituted, genetically isolating the community. they shifted to skilled trades like shipbuilding, serving as brokers for mughal and european interests.

colonial zenith (c. 18th-20th c.)
migration to bombay created a demographic hub. population reached 114,890 in 1941. they adopted western education, founded major institutions, and dominated professions. families like tata and wadia accumulated vast wealth.

modern era (1947-present)
continuous population decline to 57,264 in 2011 marks severe demographic bottleneck. centuries of endogamy correlate with high prevalence of genetic disorders.

deep ethno-religious structures shape political frames. the protestant legacy in the us and sweden fostered individualism that defaults to ethnic preservation under economic and demographic stress. in france, secular laïcité tradition forged national identity defined against external cultural threats, now applied to new groups.

the mid-century economic consensus bound the native working class to left parties through national solidarity. this compact dissolved as the left shifted to post-materialist values and universalist ideologies. the us new deal coalition fractured over civil rights and cultural grievances. uk labour's embrace of eu integration and multiculturalism alienated socially conservative industrial heartlands.

deindustrialization and mass immigration created simultaneous economic and cultural insecurity in specific regions. us rust belt towns and french industrial basins experienced this convergence directly. left-wing institutions adopted ideologies that pathologized working-class anxieties about community and borders, cementing realignment.